Sociodemographic, pregnancy-related and lifestyle determinants of adherence to Italian dietary guidelines during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study in a representative sample of Italian pregnant women

Purpose The study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, as well as dietary habits, of Italian pregnant women. It also investigates their adherence to Italian food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), and factors associated with high adherence. Methods An online survey was administered to a representative sample of Italian pregnant women. Data collection included sociodemographic, pregnancy-related and lifestyle information, such as use of supplements and physical activity (IPAQ-SF). Dietary habits and adherence to Italian dietary guidelines were assessed using the Adherence to Italian Dietary Guidelines Indicator (AIDGI). Non-parametric tests and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results A total of 589 participants completed the survey. More than half of the sample showed low adherence to the Italian dietary guidelines with an overall median AIDGI score of 18.0 (IQR: 15.0-23.0). Among the factors associated with high adherence, higher maternal age and the use of folic acid supplements during pregnancy were positively related. Conversely, having had a previous pregnancy, along with other sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, was negatively associated with adherence. Conclusion Determinants of high adherence to Italian FBDGs in pregnant women include maternal age, employment status, parity, smoking habits and supplement use. These findings may inform national policies and public health interventions addressing sociodemographic and lifestyle determinants to improve maternal nutrition and the well-being of both the mother and child.