IoT Dataset from an Evolving Tomato Cultivation Testbed

The dataset contains Internet of Things (IoT) data collected by different commercial Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) devices in a Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. HEINZ 1301 tomato testbed. The experimentation involved the deployment of IoT devices into 3 experimental crops, located at the “Azienda Agricola Sperimentale Stuard,” Parma, Italy (44° 48' 29.888'' N, 10° 16' 29.074'' E), over 3 consecutive growing seasons (namely, 2023, 2024, 2025). The testbed setup evolved over time, in terms of amount and variety of involved devices, and policies for the irrigation management. Some of the applied irrigation regimes are based on the Italian Irriframe platform (https://www.irriframe.it/) recommendation. In detail, the experimental irrigation lines are the following. - 2023: Line #1 received 100% of Irriframe recommendation (named as R); Line #2 received 60%R; and Line #3 received 30%R. Irrigation was manually managed by the farmer, while data were collected from environmental, soil, and water meter sensors. - 2024: Line #1 received 80%R; Line #2 received 60%R; Line #3 followed a threshold-based soil humidity control; Line #4 received 100%R; and Line #5 received 30%R. Irrigation was managed using a fully-automated irrigation system, while data were collected from environmental, soil, water meter, valve controllers, pressure, and water potential sensors. - 2025: Line #1 received 100%R; Line #2 received 30%R; Line #3 followed a soil humidity threshold-based control; Line #4 followed a leaf temperature threshold-based control; and Line #5 followed an AI-based irrigation strategy. Irrigation was managed through a fully-automated irrigation system, while data were collected from environmental, soil, water meters, valve controllers, pressure, fruit dendrometers, stem dendrometers, and leaf temperature sensors. The dataset is organized into 3 directories (2023, 2024, 2025), each containing CSV files with data from a single crop, recorded every 10 minutes by IoT sensors and including: timestamp, device identifier, tomato line identifier, air temperature and humidity, CO2, barometric pressure, soil moisture, soil temperature, electrical conductivity, water volume and temperature, valve state, water pressure, soil water potential, fruit size, stem size, and leaf temperature. Each directory also includes a CSV file with the Growing Degree Days and 6-Heat Units daily agronomic indicators. A complete description is provided in the README.md file within each directory. The dataset has been generated in the context of the Agritech project – “National Research Centre for Agricultural Technologies,” project code CN00000022, funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4 - Call for tender no. 3138 of 16/12/2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU, Concession Decree no. 1032 of 17/06/2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research.