Proficient Calibration Methodologies for Fixed Photogrammetric Monitoring Systems

This work focuses on investigating the accuracy of 3D reconstructions from fixed stereo-photogrammetric monitoring systems through different camera calibration procedures. New reliable and effective calibration methodologies that require minimal effort and resources are presented. A full-format camera equipped with fixed 50 and 85 mm focal length optics is considered, but the methodologies are general and can be applied to other systems. Four different calibration strategies are considered: (i) full-field calibration (FF); (ii) multi-image on-the-job calibration (MI); (iii) point cloud-based calibration (PC); and (iv) self (on-the-job) calibration (SC). To evaluate the calibration strategies and assess their actual performance and practicality, two test sites are used. The full-field calibration, while very reliable, demands significant effort if it needs to be repeated. The multi-image strategy emerges as a favourable compromise, offering good results with minimal effort for its realisation. The point cloud-based method stands out as the optimal choice, balancing ease of implementation with quality results; however, it requires a reference 3D point cloud model. On-the-job calibration with monitoring images is the simplest but least reliable option, prone to uncertainty and potential inaccuracies, and should hence be avoided. Ultimately, prioritising result reliability over absolute accuracy is paramount in continuous monitoring systems.