Integrating Extracellular Matrix Dynamics and Membrane-Associated Signaling: The Role of Clusterin-LRP1 Network in Cancer Cell Migration and Tumor Progression

Tumor cell migration relies on the integration of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, cell surface signaling regulating cytoskeleton dynamics, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Clusterin (CLU), a secreted glycoprotein, is involved in extracellular proteostasis and is known to interact with members of the LDL receptor family, including low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). Beyond its canonical chaperone activity, CLU is involved in several biological processes, including cell survival, apoptosis, tissue remodeling, inflammation and cancer progression. On the other hand, the membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), functionally linked to CD44 and LRP1, represents a key membrane-associated molecule that may control cell adhesion and receptor-mediated uptake of ECM ligands and proteases. In this article, we critically highlight a hypothetical model in which secreted CLU (sCLU) may function as the central player of a dynamic membrane-associated network integrating proteolysis, endocytosis, and intracellular signaling. Based on recent literature findings and STRING analyses, LRP1, MT1-MMP, CD44, and cell surface matrix components, such as proteoglycans (PGs) and integrins, are likely to be involved. By coordinating this membrane-associated molecular crosstalk, sCLU may integrate ECM remodeling with cytoskeletal dynamics and EMT-related programs related to invasive behavior. Overall, this framework highlights a potential mechanism through which sCLU may contribute to tumor cell plasticity and aggressiveness, suggesting new avenues for therapeutic intervention.