Remote Sensing Applications for Geological Mapping in the Mediterranean Region: A Review

Remote sensing has emerged as an essential method for geological mapping, especially in complex environments such as the Mediterranean region. While earlier global reviews have been focused either on multi- and hyperspectral sensors in general for geological applications or on hyperspectral sensors using machine learning for lithological mapping and mineral prospecting, this review article provides the first regionally focused synthesis dedicated to the Mediterranean region. The review examines both passive sensors such as Sentinel-2 MSI, Landsat-8 (OLI), ASTER, MODIS, Hyperion, PRISMA, EnMAP, and active sensors such as Sentinel-1, ALOS, TerraSAR-X. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the sensor functionalities, the data integration within Geographic Information System (GIS) platforms and methodological advancements such as machine learning and multi-sensor fusion. A total of 42 case studies are assessed, covering Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, the Balkans, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco. These examples highlight how remote sensing techniques have been adapted to varying lithological, tectonic and geomorphological settings across the Mediterranean. The analysis identifies key methodological trends, including the transition from spectral indices to advanced data fusion, the growing reliance on open-access available multispectral archives, and the emerging role of new-generation hyperspectral missions (PRISMA, EnMAP) in high-resolution geological mapping. The findings illustrate the non-invasive and scalable advantages of remote sensing for geological mapping in complex terrains, while also noting current challenges such as atmospheric correction, spatial resolution mismatches, and field validation requirements. By combining region-specific applications, this review demonstrates how remote sensing contributes not only to fundamental geological understanding but also to sustainable resource management and mineral exploration within one of the world’s most geologically diverse regions.