The interplay between asthma and type 2 diabetes mellitus: mutual interactions and therapeutic implications

Introduction: Asthma and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are chronic diseases with a significant global health burden. Recent studies have highlighted the complex relationship between these two diseases, particularly regarding their pharmacological management. Areas covered: This review discusses the mechanisms linking asthma and T2DM and the interactions between asthma and T2DM therapies, highlighting the potential clinical implications. We examine the effects of asthma medications on glycemic control and diabetes management and review the effects of commonly used T2DM medications on outcomes in patients with asthma. Expert opinion: Effectively managing asthma and T2DM requires an understanding of the beneficial and adverse effects of asthma drugs on glucose metabolism. It is also essential to consider the potential benefits of diabetes treatments on respiratory health and the impact of obesity on both diseases. Such knowledge can facilitate the optimization of drug plans and the minimization of adverse effects, while exploiting potential synergies between treatments for these diseases. However, to improve understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying the interaction between these chronic diseases, further research using a comprehensive approach that includes inflammatory pathways, metabolic factors, therapeutic interventions, gender differences, and lifestyle influences is needed.