Sustainable Additive Manufacturing in the context of Industry 4.0: a literature review

Increasing environmental concerns have prompted a worldwide emphasis on the implementation of novel or revitalised technologies that allow manufacturing companies to produce in an environmentally sustainable way while reducing resource, global warning, and waste generation. Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies play a pivotal and revolutionary role in this particular industrial landscape. These new technologies are increasingly permeating industrial realities as they offer numerous advantages not only from an economic standpoint but also incorporate several potential sustainability benefits (e.g., reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions, minimized waste production, lightweight product manufacturing through technological optimization, the possibility of using biodegradable and recycled materials, shorter supply chains through localized production, and reduced environmental impact). This study proposes a literature review on the topic of sustainable AM, focusing on the three aspects of sustainability (environmental, economic, and social). In particular, the analysis has revealed that AM positively influences the economic aspect of companies, as it allows for the reduction of processing waste, effectively transforming this into positive monetary value. Another relevant aspect is that these technologies enable the decentralization of manufacturing sites, meaning that production can be moved closer to the customer, thus reducing or eliminating transportation-related costs. While AM offers positive opportunities in these first two aspects, there is still limited research exploring its impact on social sustainability. Although AM has yet to radically transform industrial systems, there are early signs indicating that the characteristics of this advanced production process will lead to advancements in industrial sustainability.