Macrophyte growth forms and hydrological connectivity affect greenhouse gas concentration in small eutrophic wetlands

In eutrophic freshwater ecosystems, submerged macrophyte communities are replaced by phytoplankton or free-floating plants. In isolated wetlands, vegetation shift occurs over short time scales and leads to water deoxygenation and chemically reduced sediments, conditions that favor the generation, accumulation and degassing of greenhouse gases (GHGs, i.e. CH4, CO2 and N2O) to the atmosphere. However, the relationship between primary producer's growth forms, hydrological connectivity and GHGs concentration is poorly studied in the literature. A set of 18 freshwater wetlands including isolated and river-connected oxbow lakes, marshes and ponds with different vegetation growth forms was therefore monitored monthly on the annual scale. Potential GHGs diffusive fluxes towards the atmosphere were calculated and compared with direct measurements reported in peer-reviewed papers within a meta-analysis. Our results demonstrate a strong link between the colonization of free-floating plants and the onset of hypoxic conditions and accumulation of dissolved methane. Methane and carbon dioxide concentration peaked in late summer, when floating-leaved and free-floating vegetation covered 100% of the water surface. Carbon dioxide accumulation was particularly evident at hydrological connected wetlands, where nitrate pollution was likely responsible for the concomitant increment of dissolved nitrous oxide. As an increasing number of studies focuses on unravelling environmental drivers of GHGs emission from small lakes and ponds, we encourage to systematically consider the vegetation growth forms and the hydrological connectivity as major drivers of GHGs accumulation and evasion rates.