The use of bioactive factors to enhance bone regeneration: A narrative review

Aim: This review critically appraises the available knowledge on the pre-clinical and clinical use of bioactive factors for bone regeneration in the cranial and maxillofacial area. Materials and Methods: The use of growth factors, amelogenins and autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) for bone regeneration was reviewed in a systematic manner. More specifically, pre-clinical and clinical studies on ridge preservation, alveolar ridge augmentation, regeneration of peri-implant defects and sinus augmentation models were considered. Results: Amongst different bioactive factors, the highest pre-clinical and clinical evidence of a positive effect on bone formation is associated with rhBMP-2 and the lowest with amelogenins. While APCs seem to accelerate clinical healing and reduce postoperative discomfort, there is insufficient and contrasting evidence of a significant effect on hard tissue regeneration for the different clinical applications. Conclusions: Although there is increasing evidence that bioactive factors might enhance the bone regeneration process, the great heterogeneity of the available studies and the limited number of RCTs do not allow to draw robust conclusions. Issues that still need to be investigated include the optimal carriers for bioactive agents (direct vs. indirect), the dosage, the timing of administration, as well as the possibility of combining different agents to promote synergistic effects.