Organotin(iv) based anti-HCV drugs: synthesis, characterization and biochemical activity

Three new organotin( IV ) carboxylates (1–3) of 3,5-dimethylbenzoate, have been synthesized and charac- terized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear NMR ( 1 H, 13 C and 119 Sn), mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. Crystallographic data show that in compounds 1 and 2, the geometry at the central Sn atom is skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal while compound 3 displays a distorted trigonal bipyr- amidal coordination geometry. In the case of compounds 1 and 2, the asymmetric chelating mode of the carboxylate groups is reflected in the unequal C–O bond distances, those observed for the O1 and O3 oxygen atoms being significantly longer than those found in the O2 and O4 atoms. In the case of com- pound 3, the carboxylate groups bridge asymmetrically adjacent tin atoms in an anti–syn mode generat- ing polymeric zigzag chains running parallel to the crystallographic c-axis. The compounds were screened for anti-HCV (hepatitis C virus) potency by the Gaussia luciferase assay using infected Huh 7.5 cells (human hepatocellular cell). Structure–activity relationship studies led to the identification of di- butyltin( IV )bis(3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid) (compound 1) as a potent HCV inhibitor, with logIC 50 values equal to 0.69 nM in the cell-based assay. Compound 1 was further subjected to quantitative analysis using real-time PCR assays and viral RNA count vs. drug concentration confirmed the Gaussia luciferase assay results. The HCV RNA targeting mode of the compounds (1–3) was confirmed by a compound– DNA interaction study. The compounds (1–3)–DNA interactions were investigated by UV–vis spec- troscopy and viscometry. The hypochromic effect in spectroscopy evidenced an intercalative mode of interaction with the binding affinity in the order of 1 > 3 > 2.