Advances in molecular analysis of biomarker for autoimmune and carcinogenic diseases

Biomarkers are cellular or molecular mediators or responders that can serve as indicators of normal biological processes, pathologic processes, or responses to specific pharmacologic treatment. Identification of new biomarkers for specific diseases and the development of novel strategies for prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment designed to take advantage of diagnostic and prognostic indicators is of paramount importance not only for clinical chemistry but also for other types of medicine, for example internal medicine and, obviously, for patients. On the basis of these considerations, the development of easy, non-invasive, and reliable methods for early detection of malignant tumors is a matter of great concern; a specific interest nowadays is the search for biomarkers enabling early identification and distinction between indolent tumors and more aggressive forms of cancer capable of spreading and leading to metastasis. Autoimmune diseases (ADs) arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body