Net autotrophy in a fluvial lake: the relative role of phytoplankton and floating-leaved macrophytes

This study combined water- and sediment flux measurements with mass balances of dissolved gas and inorganic matter to determine the importance of pelagic and benthic processes for whole-system metabolism in a eutrophic fluvial lake. Mass balances of dissolved O-2, inorganic carbon (DIC), nitrogen (DIN), phosphorous (SRP), particulate N (PN) and P (PP) and Chl a were calculated at a nearly monthly frequency by means of repeated sampling at the lake inlet and outlet. Simultaneously, benthic fluxes of gas and nutrients, including denitrification rates, and the biomass of the dominant pleustophyte (Trapa natans) were measured, and fluxes of O-2 and CO2 across the water-atmosphere interface were estimated from diel changes in outlet concentrations. On an annual scale, Middle Lake exhibited CO2 supersaturation, averaging 313% (range 86-562%), but was autotrophic with a net O-2 production (6.35 +/- A 2.05 mol m(-2) y(-1)), DIC consumption (-31.18 +/- A 18.77 mol m(-2) y(-1)) and net export of Chl a downstream (8.38 +/- A 0.95 mol C m(-2) y(-1)). Phytoplankton was the main driver of Middle Lake metabolism, with a net primary production estimated at 33.24 mol O-2 m(-2) y(-1), corresponding to a sequestration of 4.18 and 0.26 mol m(-2) y(-1) of N and P, respectively. At peak biomass, T. natans covered about 18% of Middle Lake's surface and fixed 2.46, 0.17 and 0.02 mol m(-2) of C, N and P, respectively. Surficial sediments were a sink for O-2 (-14.47 +/- A 0.65 mol O-2 m(-2) y(-1)) and a source of DIC and NH4 (+) (18.84 +/- A 2.80 mol DIC m(-2) y(-1) and 0.83 +/- A 0.16 mol NH4 (+) m(-2) y(-1)), and dissipated nitrate via denitrification (1.44 +/- A 0.11 mol NO3 (-) m(-2) y(-1)). Overall, nutrient uptake by primary producers and regeneration from sediments were a minor fraction of external loads. This work suggests that the creation of fluvial lakes can produce net autotrophic systems, with elevated rates of phytoplanktonic primary production, largely sustained by allochtonous nutrient inputs. These hypereutrophic aquatic bodies are net C sinks, although they simultaneously release CO2 to the atmosphere.