Decomposition of four macrophytes in wetland sediments: organic matter and nutrient decay and associated benthic processes.

Decomposition rates of Phragmites australis, Carex riparia, Nuphar luteum and Salvinia natans and benthic processes were measured from December 2003 to December 2004 in a shallow wetland (Paludi di Ostiglia, Northern Italy) by means of litter bags and intact cores incubations. Decay rate was highest for N. luteum (k = 0.0152 d-1), intermediate for S. natans (k = 0.0041 d-1) and similar for P. australis (k = 0.0027 d-1) and C. riparia (k = 0.0028 d-1). Benthic metabolism followed a seasonal pattern with summer peaks of O2 demand and TCO2, CH4 and NH4+ efflux whilst soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) fluxes were negligible also under hypoxic conditions, indicating that P was mainly retained by sediment. The initial C:P ratio was similar in N. luteum and S. natans (∼170) and significantly lower than that of P. australis and C. riparia (∼360). During the detritus decay P was progressively lost by N. luteum and S. natans tissues, whereas, after an initial leaching, it was probably re-used during the microbial decomposition of the more refractory P. australis and C. riparia detritus. Nuphar luteum, P. australis and S. natans had comparable initial C:N mass ratio (∼15), significantly lower than that of C. riparia (∼26). The C:N ratio was rather constant for N. luteum (12.9 ± 1.5) and S. natans (14.6 ± 0.9), decreased slightly to below 20 for C. riparia and increased up to 30 for P. australis. Overall, differences among species were likely due to the recalcitrance of decomposing detritus, whilst process rates were controlled by limitation of microbial processes by nutrients and electron acceptor availability