This paper presents a summary of selected findings from a research project conducted between 2020 and 2023, in collaboration with the Po River Basin Authority (ADBPO), the Universities of Brescia, Parma, and Bologna, and the Polytechnics of Turin and Milan. The project, titled Characterization of the Frequency Regime of Hydrological Extremes in the Po River District, Also Considering Climate Change Scenarios, aimed to enhance understanding of the frequency and intensity of hydrological and rainfall extremes within the Po River Dis-trict. This was achieved using the latest available data and state-of-the-art methodologies. The focus of Work Package 5, whose results are summarized in this paper, was to evaluate the effects of climate and land-use changes on extreme precipitation, flood peaks, and flood hydrographs. The research relied on outputs from climate models developed under the guidance of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which estimate future changes in key variables such as temperature and precipita-tion up to the year 2100. These projections are based on different global greenhouse gas emission pathways and various socioeconomic and policy scenarios. The analysis of extreme precipitation trends generally revealed an intensification of both daily and sub-daily rainfall events, with spatially uneven patterns across the Po River District. In mountainous regions, snowmelt contributions were also considered, compounding the effects of heavy rainfall. To evaluate the impact of climate change on peak flows, hydrological modeling was carried out at selected river sections, given the logistical and financial constraints of analyzing the entire basin. Results from the Panaro River basin indicated projected increases in peak discharge of 20–30% for medium-term scenarios (return period about 20 years), with significantly larger increases expected in long-term projections. A simplified methodology was proposed for broader application across the district, based on the concept of hydro-climatic elasticity, which quantifies the relationship between the probability distributions of precipi-tation and flood peaks. In the Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions, findings suggest that increases in pre-cipitation intensity are likely to lead to even greater relative increases in peak flows across substantial parts of the study area. As for flood hydrographs, the assessment remains inherently localized due to their unique characteristics, which are even more variable than peak discharges. Continuous simulations of rainfall and runoff in the Panaro basin at Spilamberto indicate that future flood hydrographs may become more rapid and steep under climate change scenarios. However, changes in total flood volumes appear minimal, with volume-duration curves remaining largely consistent with those of the reference period. While the results are considered indicative of hydrologic behavior in similar Apennine basins, further de-tailed studies across additional case studies are recommended to refine and broaden the applicability of these conclusions.
La presente memoria riassume una parte dei risultati di una ricerca svolta, negli anni 2020- 2023, grazie a una colla-borazione tra l’Autorità di Bacino Distrettuale del Fiume Po (ADBPO), le Università di Brescia, Parma e Bologna e i Politecnici di Torino e Milano. Il progetto dal titolo “Caratterizzazione del regime di frequenza degli estremi idrologi-ci nel distretto Po, anche considerando scenari di cambiamento climatico” ha avuto come obiettivo principale l’approfondimento della conoscenza del regime di frequenza degli estremi idro-pluviometrici nel Distretto del Fiume Po, sulla base dei dati idro-pluviometrici più recenti e delle tecniche più avanzate ad oggi disponibili. Obiettivo del Workpackage 5 del progetto, i cui risultati vengono qui riassunti, è stato quello di valutare gli effetti del cambiamento climatico e territoriale sulle precipitazioni estreme, le portate di piena e gli idrogrammi di piena. Le ricerche condotte si sono basate sulla analisi dei risultati dei modelli climatici sviluppati sotto la supervisione dell’IPCC che forniscono stime di diverse variabili climatiche quali le precipitazioni e le temperature negli anni futuri, al momento limitate all’anno 2100. Le variabili sono calcolate nell’ipotesi che, globalmente, si verifichino diversi scenari di emissioni di gas climalteranti o si realizzino cambiamenti di carattere socio-economico e/o politico. L’analisi delle precipitazioni estreme ha fornito risultati che indicano, in generale, una intensificazione delle precipitazioni di durata giornaliera e subgiornaliera con variazioni non uniformi sul distretto del Po, anche tenendo conto, nelle aree montane, del sommar-si delle piogge intense ai volumi di fusione nivale. Per la valutazione degli impatti del cambiamento climatico sui valori delle portate al colmo si sono eseguite analisi idrologiche chiuse ad alcune sezioni fluviali di interesse, dati i costi e tempi di realizzazione per aree di estensione quali quelle del distretto del Po. Lo studio ha fornito risultati per il caso del bacino del Fiume Panaro che indicano aumenti delle portate al colmo (tempo di ritorno di circa 20 anni) pari al 20-30% per scenari futuri a medio termine, e decisamente superiori per quelli a lungo termine. È stata inoltre deli-neata una metodologia semplificata di calcolo potenzialmente applicabile a tutto il distretto che si avvale del concetto di “elasticità idro-climatica” a partire dalla quantificazione della relazione tra le distribuzioni di probabilità di preci-pitazione e portata al colmo. I risultati ottenuti sui territori del Piemonte e della Valle d’Aosta indicano che sono pre-vedibili, in relazione agli aumenti delle intensità di precipitazione, aumenti delle portate al colmo in estese porzioni del territorio considerato, in genere percentualmente maggiori degli aumenti di precipitazione intensa. Per quanto riguarda una valutazione degli impatti sugli idrogrammi di piena, al momento non si ritiene possibile derogare dalla valutazione idrologica chiusa alla sezione fluviale di interesse: l’individualità degli idrogrammi è, infatti, ancora più marcata delle portate al colmo. Le simulazioni continuative di afflussi e deflussi per il bacino del Panaro a Spilamber-to hanno mostrato che, in scenari climatici futuri, gli idrogrammi di piena diventerebbero più impulsivi e ripidi. Tut-tavia, l’impatto delle variazioni climatiche future sui volumi di piena è limitato, con curve di riduzione dei volumi poco variate e leggermente più basse rispetto al periodo di riferimento. Sebbene i risultati possano ritenersi rappresen-tativi del comportamento idraulico di bacini simili nei territori appenninici, ulteriori studi più approfonditi e su più casi potrebbero migliorare l’accuratezza e la generalizzabilità di queste conclusioni.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PRECIPITATION EXTREMES, FLOW RATES AND FLOOD VOLUMES, IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR THE PO RIVER BASIN DISTRICT / Tanda, Maria Giovanna; Cafiero, Luigi; Castellarin, Attilio; Colombo, Andrea; Colosio, Paolo; De Michele, Carlo; Martinengo, Marta; Neri, Mattia; Spadoni, Alan; Todaro, Valeria; Viglione, Alberto; Ranzi, Roberto. - 46:(2025), pp. 63-72.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PRECIPITATION EXTREMES, FLOW RATES AND FLOOD VOLUMES, IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR THE PO RIVER BASIN DISTRICT
Maria Giovanna Tanda
Writing – Original Draft Preparation
;Andrea ColomboConceptualization
;Valeria TodaroInvestigation
;
2025-01-01
Abstract
This paper presents a summary of selected findings from a research project conducted between 2020 and 2023, in collaboration with the Po River Basin Authority (ADBPO), the Universities of Brescia, Parma, and Bologna, and the Polytechnics of Turin and Milan. The project, titled Characterization of the Frequency Regime of Hydrological Extremes in the Po River District, Also Considering Climate Change Scenarios, aimed to enhance understanding of the frequency and intensity of hydrological and rainfall extremes within the Po River Dis-trict. This was achieved using the latest available data and state-of-the-art methodologies. The focus of Work Package 5, whose results are summarized in this paper, was to evaluate the effects of climate and land-use changes on extreme precipitation, flood peaks, and flood hydrographs. The research relied on outputs from climate models developed under the guidance of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which estimate future changes in key variables such as temperature and precipita-tion up to the year 2100. These projections are based on different global greenhouse gas emission pathways and various socioeconomic and policy scenarios. The analysis of extreme precipitation trends generally revealed an intensification of both daily and sub-daily rainfall events, with spatially uneven patterns across the Po River District. In mountainous regions, snowmelt contributions were also considered, compounding the effects of heavy rainfall. To evaluate the impact of climate change on peak flows, hydrological modeling was carried out at selected river sections, given the logistical and financial constraints of analyzing the entire basin. Results from the Panaro River basin indicated projected increases in peak discharge of 20–30% for medium-term scenarios (return period about 20 years), with significantly larger increases expected in long-term projections. A simplified methodology was proposed for broader application across the district, based on the concept of hydro-climatic elasticity, which quantifies the relationship between the probability distributions of precipi-tation and flood peaks. In the Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions, findings suggest that increases in pre-cipitation intensity are likely to lead to even greater relative increases in peak flows across substantial parts of the study area. As for flood hydrographs, the assessment remains inherently localized due to their unique characteristics, which are even more variable than peak discharges. Continuous simulations of rainfall and runoff in the Panaro basin at Spilamberto indicate that future flood hydrographs may become more rapid and steep under climate change scenarios. However, changes in total flood volumes appear minimal, with volume-duration curves remaining largely consistent with those of the reference period. While the results are considered indicative of hydrologic behavior in similar Apennine basins, further de-tailed studies across additional case studies are recommended to refine and broaden the applicability of these conclusions.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


