Seismic Retrofitting of Masonry Churches in Emilia-Romagna After the 2012 Earthquake: A Comparative Study of Composite Materials and Construction Techniques

Following the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake, a significant number of masonry churches underwent seismic retrofitting, with many interventions incorporating advanced composite materials. Given their widespread use in postseismic restoration, a thorough and critical evaluation of these materials’ effectiveness is essential. The extensive application of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and other composite systems has raised important questions regarding their ability to enhance structural resilience while preserving the architectural integrity of historic buildings. A retrospective analysis of the interventions carried out after the Emilia Romagna earthquake provides valuable insights into the real-world performance of composites, clarifying both their strengths and limitations. Specifically, a careful review of the opinions and recommendations of the joint committee has allowed for the identification of certain issues and decisions, which are not always aligned from a technical and conservation perspective. This study offers a critical assessment of composite reinforcement strategies in comparison to traditional techniques, with particular focus on the construction characteristics typical of masonry churches affected by the 2012 earthquake. The assessment examines both structural performance and, more critically, their alignment with conservation principles. The ultimate aim of the present paper is to inform more effective strategies for the re-habilitation of heritage buildings, particularly in seismic-prone areas, guiding future restoration practices.