Calixarene in Spherical Metal Ion Recognition

The development of new synthetic methods for the monoalkylation of calix[4]arenes at the lower rim allows the synthesis of a new class of trihydroxamate siderophores. Three chelating hydroxamic acid units are introduced through a sequence of reactions which blocks the macrocycle in the cone conformation. The new ligands obtained form neutral 1 :1 complexes (FeL) with iron (III), which are stable in EtOH/H,O 9: 1 at pH 2-7. Calix[4]arene his-crown ethers are prepared by exploiting the selective 1,2-(proximal) functionalization of calix[4]arenes at the lower rim. These ligands are, however, less effective in complexing alkali metal cations compared with the 1J-calix [4] arene crown-ethers which, in their partial cone structure, offer a better shielding for the complexed cations. Rigid upper rim-bridged calix [4] arenes potentially useful for the inclusion of neutral molecules are prepared by exploiting the selective 1,3-diformylation of calixC4larene at the upper rim. Finally a new chloromethylation method for calix 141 arenes blocked in the coneconformation is described together with thesynthesis of new cavitands.